نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه روانشناسی عمومی، دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران

2 عضو هیئت علمی، کروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران.

3 عضو هیئت علمی، گروه روانشناسی عمومی، دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران.

4 عضو هیئت علمی، گروه روانشناسی عمومی، دانشگاه ازاداسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین مدل شادکامی بر اساس هوش معنوی و کیفیت روابط بین فردی با میانجیگری تاب آوری و شفقت به خود در دانشجویان انجام گرفت. روش پژوهش مقطعی از نوع همبستگی است. جامعه آماری شامل دانشجویان دختر و پسر مجرد در مقطع کارشناسی (18-25 سال) دانشگاه­های آزاد اسلامی شهر تهران در نیمسال اول سال تحصیلی 1397 بود. حجم  نمونه 458  نفر (231 دختر، 227 پسر) بود که به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی چند مرحله­ای انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای پژوهش عبارت بودند از: شادکامی آکسفورد ، هوش معنوی، کیفیت روابط بین فردی، تاب آوری و شفقت خود.  به منظور تجزیه ‌و تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS-V21 و AMOS استفاده شد. همچنین داده­ها با استفاده از مدل تحلیل مسیر مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان دادکه هوش معنوی بر شادکامی دانشجویان اثر مستقیم دارد. هوش معنوی با میانجی گری تاب­آوری بر شادکامی اثر غیرمستقیم دارد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که مقدار اثر غیرمستقیم هوش معنوی از طریق متغیر واسطه­ای شفقت به خود بر روی شادکامی معنی­دار نیست. کیفیت رابطه بر شادکامی دانشجویان اثر مستقیم و معنی­داری دارد. همچنین نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که مقدار اثر غیرمستقیم کیفیت رابطه از طریق متغیر واسطه­ای تاب آوری بر روی شادکامی معنی­دار است. مقدار اثر غیرمستقیم کیفیت رابطه از طریق متغیر واسطه­ای شفقت به خود بر روی شادکامی معنی­دار نیست. بنابراین توجه به متغیرهای مذکور در طراحی درمان‌های مناسب‌تر به پژوهشگران و درمانگران یاری می‌رساند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Happiness Model Development based on Spiritual Intelligence and Quality of Interpersonal Relationships with a Mediating role of Resilience and Self-compassion in Students

نویسندگان [English]

  • Narges Saliminia 1
  • Sosan Emamipour 2
  • Valiollah Farzad 3
  • Roya Kochakentezar 4

1 Ph. D Student, Department of General Psychology, Central Tehran Branch-Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Faculty member, Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Tehran Branch-Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Faculty member, Department of General Psychology, Central Tehran Branch-Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran.

4 Faculty member, Department of General Psychology, Central Tehran Branch-Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The aim of this study was to develop a happiness model based on spiritual intelligence and the quality of interpersonal relationships with a mediating role of resilience and self-compassion in students. The research method was a cross-sectional correlational study. The statistical population included undergraduate male and female students (18-25 years old) of Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran in the first semester in 2018 academic year. By multi-stage random sampling, the sample size was 458 people included 231 girls and 227 boys. Moreover, the research tools were: Oxford Happiness, Spiritual Intelligence, Quality of Interpersonal Relationships, Resilience and Self-Compassion. In order to analyze the data, SPSS-V.21 and AMOS software were used through using path analysis method. Next, the results showed that spiritual intelligence has a direct effect on students' happiness, in addition, spiritual intelligence had an indirect effect on happiness through mediation. The results showed that the amount of indirect effect of spiritual intelligence through the mediating variable of self-compassion on happiness was not significant. The quality of the relationship had a direct and significant effect on students' happiness. The results also revealed that the value of the indirect effect of relationship quality through intermediate resilience variable on happiness was meaningful. The value of the indirect effect of relationship quality through intermediate variables on self-compassion on happiness was not significant. Therefore, attention to these variables in the design of appropriate therapies helps researchers and therapists. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Happiness
  • Spiritual Intelligence
  • Quality of Interpersonal Relationships
  • Resilience
  • self-compassion
Adler M D, Dolan P, Kavetsos G 2017. Would you choose to be happy? Tradeoffs between happiness and the other dimensions of life in a large population survey. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization; Vol. 139, Pp. 60-73.‏
Alipour A, Noorbala A, 1999. Preliminary study of reliability and validity of Oxford Happiness Questionnaire in Tehran University students. Quarterly Journal of Thought and Behavior; Vol. 2 No. 5, pp. 55-56. [in Persian].
Argyle M 2001. The psychology of happiness (2nd edition). London: Rutledge Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Beaupierre A, Howard P T, Thirlwell, S, Delmonico J 2012. Efforts to reduce compassion fatigue amongst BMT nurses. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation; Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. S381.
Chlan, K M, Zebracki, K, Vogel L. C 2011. Spirituality and life satisfaction in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord; Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 371-375.‏
Di Fabio A, Saklofske D H 2014. Comparing ability and self-report trait emotional intelligence, fluid intelligence, and personality traits in career decision. Personality and Individual Differences; Vol. 64, pp. 174-178.‏
Forgas J 1947. Psychology of Social Interaction: Interpersonal Behavior. Translated by Khashayar Beigi and Mehrdad Firoozbakht. (2017). Tehran: Abjad Publishing. [in Persian].
Gheyrati E, Shabanifar A, Akhlaghi M, et al 2016. Relationship between communication skills and mental health of students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Journal of the School of Health and the Institute of Health Research; Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 61-73. [in Persian].
Goodman M, Voigt Hansen M, Rosenberg J, et al 2013. Pharmacological treatment of depression in women with breast cancer: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. Vol. 141, No. 3, pp. 325-330.
Horvath A 2018. Positive body image is positively associated with hedonic (emotional) and eudaimonic (psychological and social) well-being in British adults. The Journal of social psychology; Vol. 158, No. 5, pp. 541-552.‏
Jokar B, Rahimi M 2007. Investigating the effect of family communication patterns on happiness in a group of high school boys and girls in Shiraz. Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology (Quarterly Journal of Thought and Behavior); Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 376-384. [in Persian].
Kaviani Z, Hamid N, Enayati M S 2014. The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on religious resilience on couple resilience. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology; Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 34-25. [in Persian].
Khormayi F, Rahimi F, Gholipour Z 2015. Investigating the relationship between resilience, spiritual intelligence and social intelligence in adolescents. 6th International Conference on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. [in Persian].
Khosravi S, Sadeghi M, Yabandeh M 2013. The psychometric adequacy of your compassion scale. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models; Vol. 4, No. 31, pp. 47-59. [in Persian].
Kikha S, Kahrizai F 2017. Predicting the resilience and happiness of exceptional school teachers based on religiosity at work. Journal of Disability Studies; Vol. 1, No. 7, pp. 39-50. [in Persian].
Koszycki D, Raab K, Aldosary F, et al 2010. A multifaith spiritually based intervention for generalized anxiety disorder: A pilot randomized trial. Journal of clinical psychology; Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 430-441.‏
Liu Y, Wang Z, Lü W 2013. Resilience and affect balance as mediators between trait emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual differences; Vol. 54, No. 7, pp. 850-855.‏
Lotfi Kashani F 2008. The effect of group counseling based on cognitive-behavioral approach in reducing dysfunctional attitudes. Journal of Thought and Behavior; Vol. 2, No. 8, pp. 47-56. [in Persian].
Luhmann M, Necka E A, Schönbrodt F D, et al 2016. Is valuing happiness associated with lower well-being? A factor-level analysis using the Valuing Happiness Scale. Journal of research in personality; Vol. 60, pp. 46-50.‏
Marashi A, Mehrabian T, Mosalman M 2016. Investigating the relationship between personality traits and spiritual intelligence with life satisfaction in employees of an industrial company in Ilam province. Journal of Military Care Sciences; Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 54-48.
Malekshi M 2015. The relationship between communication quality and student happiness. 5th National Conference on Strategies for the Development and Promotion of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Counseling and Education in Iran, Tehran. [in Persian].
Mahdavi S, Allahi F, Heydari Z 2015. The relationship between resilience and spiritual intelligence in exceptional school teachers. Second National Conference on Strategies for the Development and Promotion of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Counseling and Education in Iran, Tehran. [in Persian].
McAuley E, Blissmer B, Marquez D X, et al 2000. Social relations, physical activity, and well-being in older adults. Preventive medicine; Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 608-617.‏
McLarnon M J, Carswell J J 2013. The personality differentiation by intelligence hypothesis: A measurement invariance investigation. Personality and Individual Differences; Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 557-561.‏
Min J A, Yu J J, Lee C U, et al 2013. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies contributing to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Comprehensive psychiatry; Vol. 54, No. 8, pp. 1190-1197.‏
Minkov M, Welzel C, Schachner M 2020. Cultural Evolution Shifts the Source of Happiness from Religion to Subjective Freedom. Journal of Happiness Studies; pp. 1-16.‏
Neff K 2016. Self-compassion. Mindfulness in Positive Psychology: The Science of Meditation and Wellbeing; Vol. 37, pp. 1-8.‏
Neff K D, Costigan A P 2014. Self-compassion, wellbeing, and happiness. Psychologie in Österreich, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 114-119.‏
Neff K D, Whittaker T A, Karl A 2017. Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in four distinct populations: Is the use of a total scale score justified?. Journal of Personality Assessment; Vol. 99, No. 6, pp. 596-607.‏
Nick Amal M, Shadmanfar N 2014. The relationship between spiritual intelligence and psychological resilience in students. Journal of Psychological Research; Vol. 6, No. 22, pp. 111-126. [in Persian].
Ogińska-Bulik N, Zadworna-Cieślak M 2018. The role of resiliency and coping strategies in occurrence of positive changes in medical rescue workers. International emergency nursing.‏
Oshio A, Taku K, Hirano M, et al 2018. Resilience and Big Five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences; Vol. 127, pp. 54-60.‏
Ozawa C, Suzuki T, Mizuno Y, et al 2017. Resilience and spirituality in patients with depression and their family members: A cross-sectional study. Comprehensive psychiatry; Vol. 77, pp. 53-59.‏
Pagani A F, Parise M, Donato S, et al 2020. If you shared my happiness, you are part of me: Capitalization and the experience of couple identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin; Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 258-269.‏
Sa M, Naami A Z, Bashlidh K, et al 2011. Spiritual Intelligence Training effect of on psychological well-being, anxiety, and spiritual intelligence in Ahwaz Oil college students. Journal of psychological achievements, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 63-80.‏
Schultz S A, Schultz D 2015. Personality theories. Translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi. Tehran: Editing Publications.
Stavrova O, Fetchenhauer D, Schlösser T 2013. Why are religious people happy? The effect of the social norm of religiosity across countries. Social science research; Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 90-105.‏
Tohidi Moghadam H A, Kasiri M 2016. The relationship between happiness and happiness with spiritual intelligence (review article). 5th National Conference on Psychology, Counseling and Social Work, Tehran. [in Persian].
Yang Y, Zhang M, Kou Y 2016. Self-compassion and life satisfaction: The mediating role of hope. Personality and Individual Differences; Vol. 98, pp. 91-95. 
Yazdani M R, Momeni Kh 2016. The role of lifestyle and resilience in predicting mental health and self-exclusion of students of Razi University of Kermanshah in 2014. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry; Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 115-124. [in Persian].
Yonker J E, Schnabelrauch C A, DeHaan L G 2012) The relationship between spirituality and religiosity on psychological outcomes in adolescents and emerging adults: A meta-analytic review. Journal of adolescence; Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 299-314.‏
Zardoshtian Sh, Karimi J, Hosseini M 2018. Explain the relationship between spiritual intelligence and aggression by considering the mediating role of resilience among Asian kung fu practitioners. Organizational Behavior Management Studies in Sports; Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 62-55. [in Persian].
Zeng Y, Gu D, George L K 2011. Association of religious participation with mortality among Chinese old adults. Research on aging; Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 51-83.